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A is for Aden and Z is for Zanzibar... Now what is between? For the world wide classical era philatelist and stamp collector, a country specific philatelic survey is offered by the blog author, Jim Jackson, with two albums: Big Blue, aka Scott International Part 1 (checklists available), and Deep Blue, aka William Steiner's Stamp Album Web PDF pages. In addition, "Bud" offers commentary and a look at his completely filled Big Blue. Interested? So into the Blues...

Monday, January 30, 2023

Peru - Bud's Big Blue

Scott # 20, ultramarine, forgery? (1)
Bud's Big Blue
Bud's Observations

Most of us stamp collectors find our hobby satisfying at many levels, down to the reptilian core of our brains. Who among us has not felt our heart racing or temperature rising upon finding the right stamp? But beyond rewarding our lizard-like cravings, more cerebral satisfactions also accrue from our pet obsession.

Many of us look for stamps with historical relevance. Peru’s stamps, especially those with overprints, oblige nicely. That’s not surprising. Peru’s first inhabitants settled some 15,000 years ago. Conquistador Francisco Pizarro and the first Europeans arrived in 1532. The University of San Marcos (Lima) was founded in 1551, a century before Harvard was chartered. Eventually Peru became the seat of the South American Spanish Empire. So, there is plenty of history to inspire Peru’s stamp designs.

Scott # 2, brown red, wooden paddle wheeler withs sails (1)

Peru’s earliest stamps (1857-94) are devoid of human images -- an unusual omission -- unless you count the barely discernable passengers on the steamship’s deck (Scott #s 1 and 2). Instead, they feature the Inca sun god, wildlife, and Peru’s coat of arms – populated by a vicuna, a quinine yielding tree, and a cornucopia of gold coins. 

Peru coat of arms

The coat of arms is often difficult to discern because of heavy cancellations and indistinct embossing made by the French "Lecoq" machine. Peru’s name did not appear on its postage until 1866.

Scott #15, orange

If you like baroque puzzles, try sorting out the history behind Peru’s late 19th century overprints. Sometimes applied three deep, they reflect Peru’s history between 1874 and 1894 as it actually was happening. Peru’s economic and political upheavals, an invasions by Chile, and the death of a hero/president – all are documented philatelically by a jumble overprints. These appear entirely on Peru’s 1874 issue, seven stamps ranging in value from 1 centavo to 1 sol. Forgeries and special combinations of overprints concocted to please collectors, but never issued, only partly muddle the story that unfolds.

Overprints three deep, unissued

By 1880, Peru’s paper money was practically worthless on the international market, so the 1874 stamps were overprinted with “Universal Postal Union,” “plata” and “Peru” in an oval. In effect surcharged, these stamp required being purchased in silver (plata) and were for international mail only. Domestic postage could still be purchased with paper money.


Scott #32, green, smaller “plata,” “Peru” at the bottom

The Chileans had been warring with Peruvians since 1879. When in 1881 Chile gained control of Lima and took over the government, including the post office, “Peru” was changed to “Lima” at the bottom of the overprint. This hostility, known as the War of the Pacific, was bloody. Both Peru and Bolivia suffered major losses, including Bolivia’s access to the Pacific Ocean.


Scott # 38, green, larger “plata,” “Lima” at the bottom


For further affrontery, in 1881 Chile’s postal authorities cattle-branded their own coat of arms on Peru’s 1874 issue. Some of these were further overprinted with UPU horseshoes for international use (see last supplement page).

Scott # n11, orange, Chilean coat of arms

But the Chileans were dispatched from Lima in 1883, thus requiring new overprints, this time restoring “Peru” in a triangle on, of course, the ever-durable 1974 series.


Scott # 65, orange

Further, the remaining stamps with the “Lima” that the Chileans emblazed required an additional overprint to celebrate Peru’s regaining control.


Scott # 81, rose

At the same time, new UPU horseshoe overprints for international mail were required and issued both with and without the victorious Peruvian triangle.

Scott #s 89 and 95, blue and green

Largely to promote philatelic sales, Peru produced the “correos Lima” overprints in 1884. Only the five centavos denomination was issued, reserving the one and two centavo sun-god-upon-sun-god stamps for curiosity collectors (see first supplement page). BB has space for the five centavos only.

Scott # 103 and unissued, blue and brown on cream

Perhaps running short of postage for international use, Peru reissued the plata-Lima ovals in 1889 with the larger of the two plata fonts. Peru’s paper currency was still suffering from devaluation.


Scott #s 117 and 117A, green and green

Then in 1894 the trustworthy 1874 series was pressed into service for a final time to mourn the death of President Remigio Morales Bermudez, whose grandson that he never saw also became Peru’s president. This last overprint is unique in philately – almost a funerary death mask that appears both alone and with the UPU horseshoes.


Scott #120, rose

While the used and abused 1874 series drops out of sight at this point, other overprints and the upheavals associated with them continue in Peru’s philatelic history. As soon as 1895 vermilion surcharged stamps prepared by revolutionaries emerged in the Tumbus region of northern Peru.

Scott #s 129 and 130, green and vermilion

Peru’s overprints are like baroque puzzles; the one shown below has 30 strange interlocking pieces. The overprints interlock, too. I’m still working on the puzzle and the overprints. And I have yet to start on the local provisional issues that cropped up during the Peru-Chile war – defiant overprints devised in localities that Chile had not conquered.

Bronze baroque puzzle titled Omaggio ad Arcimboldo [homage to Arcimboldo]
 by Miguel Ortiz Berrocal

Census: 314 in BB spaces, 14 tip-ins, 122 on supplement pages (Note: Some stamps in the supplement pages are mounted sideways to facilitate reading the postmarks.)

 

(1) An often-forged stamp, see https://stampforgeries.blogspot.com/search?q=peru

2) This post, in part, is informed by:  A. L. de la Torre Bueno “The Regular Issues of Peru” The Postage Stamp, Vol 11, No 11, December 14, 1912, p. 123. Originally published in Mekeel’s Weekly Stamp News.


Jim's Observations

The War of the Pacific (1879-1883) was devastating for Peru, as they were defeated by the Chileans. (One can argue the Bolivians had even a worse result, as they lost the Litoral Province and their sea access to Chile.)

Lima was occupied (1881), and the nitrate rich territory of Tarapaca was acquired by Chile. It took until 1929 to solve the Arica province (to Chile) and the Tacna province (to Peru) territorial disputes.

You think the old resentments are gone now? I talked to an acquaintance of mine, who is a professor of Latin American History (and who grew up in Peru), and they certainly are not.

But bad news for a country is sometimes good news for collectors. There are interesting (and inexpensive ) overprinted Chilean occupation stamps, as well the overprinted provisional issues produced in outlying areas; as both Lima and Callao, the source of stamps, were occupied. The fly in the ointment, of course, are the numerous counterfeit overprints.


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Comments appreciated!