A is for Aden and Z is for Zanzabar


A is for Aden and Z is for Zanzibar... Now what is between? For the world wide classical era philatelist and stamp collector, a country specific philatelic survey is offered by the blog author, Jim Jackson, with two albums: Big Blue, aka Scott International Part 1 (checklists available), and Deep Blue, aka William Steiner's Stamp Album Web PDF pages. In addition, "Bud" offers commentary and a look at his completely filled Big Blue. Interested? So into the Blues...

Tuesday, June 9, 2015

Trains on Classic Era Stamps

New Brunswick 1860 Scott 6 1c red lilac "Locomotive"
The first image of a train on a stamp
Into the Deep Blue
One of the joys of collecting stamps is there are so many different ways one can go about it. Many collectors find a thematic approach a great way to focus a collection.

Although my general interests are broad- namely WW 1840-1940, what would happen if I looked at the collection through the prism of a thematic subject?
Planes, Trains, and Automobiles
One of my favorite movies was the 1987 comedy with Steve Martin and John Candy called "Planes, Trains, and Automobiles".

How about if I took those themes and looked at the first 100 years of philately?

But I will need to pick one theme for closer focus.

And the choice was easy.

What did I long for, while poring over the tattered pages of the Sears or Montgomery Ward catalogues as a child?

A train set.

(And no, I never  received one, and then my interests moved on.)

Shall we see what the classical era of stamp issues offer us for "trains"?

(And the classical era is defined for the purposes of this post as 1840-1940 WW and 1840-1952 British Commonwealth.)

Stanley Gibbons Thematic Catalogue
Now this post is not a serious attempt at exhaustively exploring the theme of "Trains on Stamps", but a whimsical snapshot of "train and railroad" images found in my collection for the classical era.

But if one gets seriously hooked with "Trains on Stamps", there is plenty of information published or on the internet.  I'm not going to list resources here, because a brief search should get you started quickly.

U.S. 1869 Scott 114 3c ultramarine "Locomotive"
Let's  begin with the United States, and the little steam locomotive has been chugging on this stamp since 1869. This was part of the first pictorial issue of the United States, and is considered by many to still be one the most beautifully engraved issues.

The locomotive is a classic 4-4-0* of the period, and probably a wood burner because of the flared shape of the smokestack.

( 4-4-0*- Steam locomotives used the Whyte system for wheel arrangement in North America, and consists of three digits: The number of wheels before the driving wheels, the driving wheels, and the trailing wheels, if any.)

The 3c rate was the "workhorse" of the 1869 issue, as it paid the domestic 1/2 oz rate.

Although it was not specifically stated, the 3c locomotive design was probably selected because of the completion of the trans-continental railroad in 1869.

 The 1869 issue is beloved today, but it was not popular at the time (small size? radical change in subject?).

There was a special reprint of the 3c in 1875 (Scott 125) for the Centennial International Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. Only 1,406 of them became ultimately available, and CV is now $3,150.

U.S. 1901 Scott 295 2c carmine & black "Empire State Express"
The Pan-American Exposition Issue (in Buffalo, NY) of May 1, 1901 is, for some collectors, the most beautiful of all U.S. issues because of the classic bi-color engraved designs.

The 2c carmine & black shows a 4-4-0 locomotive and passenger cars. It is the "Empire State Express" of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad.

Did the train actually exist?

The photograph by A.F. Yates of No. 938
Yes, and here is the photograph on which the stamp image was based! The information was published first in "Stamps" of May 22, 1937 by Allan M. Thatcher. The photograph resides in the Smithsonian Institute.

The No. 938 was a standard locomotive of class 870 built by Schenectady Locomotive Works beginning in 1891. The No. 938 was built in 1898.

U.S. 1913 Scott Q5 5c carmine rose "Mail Train"
In 1913, there was a 12 denomination series, all in carmine rose, issued that was intended exclusively for parcel post. And the regulations at the time specified that only these parcel post stamps could be applied to parcel post mail!

The same color for all of the denominations, the size (often too large for the parcel tag), the awkward sheet number (45!), and the restrictive regulations themselves made this issue highly unpopular with postal clerks, and the official usage period was only six months. Then, any stamp could be used for parcel post.

The 5c carmine rose shows a moving "mail train" approaching a suspended mail bag. The design was based on a photograph of a still train at Union Station, Washington, D.C. The train appears to be a 0-8-0 of the period, but I found no information that the train has ever been identified.

U.S. 1913 Scott Q9 25c carmine rose "Manufacturing"
The 25c carmine rose is labeled "manufacturing", and is based on a photograph of a steel plant in South Chicago. There is a rail car in the foreground.

Although the Parcel Post stamps themselves were unpopular among the postal clerks, the concept of introducing parcel post service in 1913 was an important one: for now, the post office raised their weight limit from 4 pounds to ultimately 50 lbs, and there was little restriction on what could be mailed.

Canada 1929 Scott 157 20c dark carmine "Harvesting Wheat"
Canada is surprisingly not a major contributor to trains on stamps for the classical era. In fact, most of the British Commonwealth, with their tendency for having monarchs on the stamps, provide little or no train designs during the classical era.

Canada does have a few train images if one looks carefully.. The focus of this 1929 stamp is the wheat harvest. But in the background, the transcontinental is going by.

Canada 1951 Scott 311 4c dark gray 
"Trains of 1851 and 1951"
Canada also has this design, recalling the steam trains from 1851, and the "modern" trains of 1951. The occasion was the Centenary of the British North American postal administration.

Canada Special Delivery 1927 Scott E3 20c orange
"Five Stages of Mail Transportation"
The Canada 1927 Special Delivery stamp show various "stages" of mail transportation. Dog sleds are included, but I don't see a motor vehicle. ;-)

Newfoundland  1928 Scott 149 5c slate green "Express Train"
Newfoundland has, from the 1928 fifteen stamp issue, an image of an express train crossing Newfoundland. This stamp was re-engraved for the 1929 issue.

A steam locomotive is hauling a coal car and four passenger coaches.

Newfoundland Railway- Main and Branch lines
The Newfoundland Railway operated from 1898 to 1988. The gauge was a narrow 3'6", and the main line was 548 miles.

Newfoundland 1932 Scott 210 24c light blue
"Loading Iron Ore at Bell Island"
A 1932 Newfoundland issue stamp shows the iron ore docks at Bell Island. As I grew up on the shores of Lake Superior close to the Mesabi Iron Range, the scene is familiar indeed!

Bell Island Pier, Circa 1900
The iron ore was delivered via train. The 1932 stamp does not directly show a train, but the association is so strong in my mind, that I had to exhibit the stamp. ;-)

New Brunswick 1860 Scott 6 1c red lilac "Locomotive"
The earliest representation of a locomotive on stamps that I have is from New Brunswick 1860 - engraved, from the American bank Note Company. The depiction is said to be Engine No. 9 of the European and North American railway.

In fact this stamp is considered to be the first depiction of a train on a stamp.

Engine No. 9
Here is a pic of Engine No. 9.

Map of the European and North American Railway
The illustration shows an 1850 map of the European and North American Railway. The railroad clearly goes through New Brunswick. The map is found at the U.S. Library of Congress website.

Argentina 1921 Scott 286 3c violet "Allegory, Pan-America"
In Argentina, for the 1st Pan-American Postal Congress in 1921 in Buenos Aires, six stamps were issued with this allegorical design. Note the train on the right.

Austria 1937 Scott 385-387
Centenary of Austrian Railways
For the centenary of railways,, Austria in 1937 issued a three stamp set depicting the first locomotive "Austria", a modern steam locomotive, and a modern electric train.

A general comment: I noted an increase in train and railroad themed stamps for many countries during the 1930s, celebrating a centenary of railroads.

Belgium 1895 Scott Q20 50c carmine 
The 1882-1997 Belgium Parcel Post and Railway stamps all have this stylized design of an engine. "Chemins de Fer" is a French phrase for "Railroad". "Spoorwegen" is the similar Flemish one.

Belgium 1916 Scott Q75 1.10fr ultramarine
The Belgium 1916 lithographed "railway" issue of 20 stamps have a "winged wheel" and the train  design. Of interest the 1.10 franken denomination script here is then found as "1.10 frank" for the 1920 issue stamp.

These are known as the Le Havre issue, as they were printed by Waterlow & Sons for the Belgium government in exile in Le Havre, France.

Belgium 1920 Scott Q94 1fr gray
The Belgium 1920 "winged wheel" and "train" issue of 21 stamps changed the design. Note the thick bar and solid circle below "FR".

Belgium 1920 Scott Q125 3fr deep rose
The 1920-21 issue of 29 stamps has two bars under the "FR".

Belgium 1934 Scott Q182 4fr red violet "Modern Locomotive"
The 1934 three stamp set is printed by photogravure.

Belgium 1935 Scott Q184 10c rose carmine
"Modern Railroad Train"
The Belgium 1935 engraved 24 stamp issue consists of two "train" designs: Here the "Modern" train is shown.
Belgium 1935 Scott Q203 20fr green
"Old Railroad Train"
The other design shows an old train. The issue was in commemoration of the Centenary of the Belgium State Railway.

Brazil 1924 Scott 273 10r red violet "Railroad"
Brazil had, between 1920-24, four typographed stamps from four different issues ( 1 unwmked, 3 kinds of wmk) illustrate a train, and scripted "viacao" for "railroad"

This is the only classic era stamp with a "train" theme for Brazil.

Bulgaria 1939 Scott 346 1 l yellow green "Early Locomotive"
For the 50th anniversary of the Bulgarian State Railways, a four stamp issue was produced in 1939. The printing was through photogravure.

Bulgaria 1939 Scott 347 2 l copper brown "Modern Locomotive"
Combing through the 1840-1940 Scott catalogue, it is apparent that there was an increase during the 1930s of "train" issues, because of anniversary commemorations.

Bulgaria 1939 Scott 348 4 l red orange "Train Crossing Bridge"
Here, a viaduct supports a railroad with the stamp image showing a train crossing. There are a number of stamps in the classical era where a viaduct or bridge is illustrated, but it is not always clear if the viaduct or bridge is for a road or a railroad.

China 1913 Scott 205 3c blue green "Junk"
The famous and iconic "Junk" issues of China have a surprise for those that carefully look at the stamp: A train in the background!

China 1923 Scott 256 7c violet
The three major issues (1913- London Printing, 1915- Peking printing, 1923 re-engraved) all show the train, but with subtle differences.

Costa Rica 1929 Scott 150 13c on 40c deep green
Telegraph stamp surcharged for postage
In 1929, Costa Rica had a group of telegraph stamps surcharged for postage. And so, another train enters the scene. ;-)

Czechoslovakia 1938 Scott 249 50h deep green
"View of Pilsen"
Scenes of "industry" on stamps need to scrutinized for railroad tracks or trains. Here, this 1938 engraved Czechoslovakian stamp has such.

Ecuador 1908 Scott 174 1c red brown "Locomotive"
Ecuador has this 1908 engraved specimen printed by Waterlow & Sons. The issue was for the opening of the Guayaquil- Quito Railway.

Building this quite spectacular narrow gauge railroad in 1908 took 4,000 lives, including 2,700 Jamaican laborers. The 282 mile line climbs to 11,480 feet.

By 2008, only 10% of the Ecuadorian railway network was operational because of El Nino 1980s-1990s rains and floods destroyed the tracks.

But the Guayaquil-Quito route has been recently restored, and the four day, three night luxurious journey using a restored old steam locomotive, colored cherry red, can now be booked for $1,200. :-)

Ecuador 1930 Scott 309 16c red & yellow green "Landscape"
For the centenary of the founding of the republic in Ecuador, an attractive bi-color thirteen stamp issue was produced.  The 16c red & yellow green, with the pictorial theme "Landscape", suggests that Ecuador is the place for tourists. A close look will reveal a train in the landscape.

Ecuador 1936 Scott 346 1c rose red
Tobacco stamp overprinted in black
Note the train on the left for this Ecuador tobacco stamp that is overprinted for postal use.

Egypt 1933 Scott 168 5m brown & gray "Locomotive of 1852"
For the 1933 International Railroad Congress held in Heliopolis, a four stamp set was produced by Egypt showing various trains. 

France 1937 Scott 327 30c dark green "Electric Train"
For the 13th International Railroad Congress held in France in 1937, a two stamp engraved issue was released. This illustration depicts an electric train.

France 1937 Scott 328 1.50fr dark ultramarine
"Streamlined Locomotive"
An art deco design is apparent for this "modern' streamlined locomotive.

French Equatorial Africa 1937 Scott 33 1c brown & yellow
"Logging on Loeme River"
For this 1937 French Equatorial Africa stamp, the subject is "logging". But a careful look will reveal a train crossing over the viaduct.

Germany 1935 Scott 459 6pf dark green
"The Eagle"
For the Centenary of Railroad in Germany, there was a four stamp issue released in 1935.

The "Eagle" ("Alder" in German) was built by Robert Stephenson in Newcastle, England in 1835, and delivered to the Bavarian Ludwig Railway for service between Nuremberg and Furth.

"Adler" photograph 1850s
This steam locomotive had a wheel arrangement of Whyte 2-2-2.

Germany 1935 Scott 460 12pf copper red
"Modern Express Train"
European travel by train is still a viable possibility for many- contrast that with U.S. ;-)

Germany 1935 Scott 461 25pf ultramarine 
"The Hamburg Flyer"
The Fliegender Hamburger was the world's fastest between stations at the time (77 mph), and the diesel powered train carried passengers between Berlin and Hamburg beginning in 1933.

Germany 1935 Scott 462 40pf red violet
"Streamlined Locomotive"
The four set issue has a CV of  <$1-$1+.

Gold Coast 1948 Scott 135 3p blue "Manganese Mine"
The Gold Coast has a depiction of tracks and a train at a manganese mind for their 12 stamp 1948 issue.

Guatemala 1921 Scott 174 15c black &  vermilion
"La Penitenciaria Bridge"
Guatemala has a 1921 issue stamp showing a train crossing a bridge.

I've encountered this stamp before. From my Guatemala blog post...

For some reason, I was quite fascinated with this stamp and the meaning behind the design. I imagined this depicted the Penitentiary, which no doubt is isolated. Then there is an elevated railroad bridge with a train that is entering the Penitentiary. The train may be the only way in or out of this enclosure. Is it bringing supplies or prisoners? What are the life stories of those incarcerated?

A little internet research yielded some of the answers...

"This bridge was built in 1894, during General Jose Maria Reyna Barrios' term of office, for the Southern railway. Its name comes from its location, next to the prison, or penitenciaria"

Perhaps I shouldn't have such an active imagination. ;-)


Honduras 1898 Scott 103 1c brown "Railroad Train" 
For Honduras, an 1898 set of eight stamps shows a "Railroad Train". The Scott has a note about "excellent counterfeits" existing.

India 1937 Scott 158 4a dark brown "Mail Train"
During the British Commonwealth era, as mentioned, stamps favored mostly monarch portraits. But this 1937 India stamp does depict a mail train.

Iran Scott 1935 Scott 793 1r red brown & purple
"Railway Bridge over Karun River"
For the 10th anniversary of the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran in 1935, a nine stamp pictorial issue was released showing infrastructure advancements.

By 1939, the Trans-Iranian Railway from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf was opened. It crossed the 7,000 foot pass between Tehran and the Caspian Sea. The railway had more than 3000 bridges and 126 tunnels through the Zagros Mountains. 

Italy Scott 1939 410 20c rose red
"Wood Burning Engine and Streamlined Electrical Engine"
For the Centenary of Italian railroads in 1939, a three stamp set was printed on photogravure.

Manchukuo 1939 Scott 130 2f deep orange, black & deep blue
"Network of State Railroads in Manchukuo"
The Japanese puppet state of Manchkuo (Manchuria) illustrated the extensive rail road map of the country on a 1939 issue.

Manchukuo 1939 Scott 131 4f deep blue & indigo
"Express Train Asia"
The two stamp issue was in commemoration of having attained 10,000 km of railway mileage in Manchuria.

Manchukuo 1937 Scott C4 30f deep blue
"Railroad Bridge"
A 1937 air post stamp of Manchukuo highlights a railroad bridge.

Middle Congo 1933 Scott 67 4c olive green
"Viaduct at Mindouli"
For this Middle Congo 1933 stamp, the viaduct appears to be for railroad transport. A close look at a collection to pick out "train" or "railroad" themes is sometimes necessary.

Mozambique Colony 1918 Scott 130 15c carmine & black
"Scene on Beira R.R."
There is a wonderful bi-color engraved 37 stamp issue produced between 1918-31 for Mozambique Company. Two of the stamp denominations show a train on the Beira railway

The port of Beira was linked to Salisbury (now Harare) in Rhodesia (now Zimbawe) in 1899.

Mozambique Company 1935 Scott 164 1e dark blue & black
"Zambezi Railroad Bridge"
Mozambique Company, for 1935, has this stamp image of a railroad bridge crossing the Zambezi River.

Dona Ana Bridge 
This appears to be the Dona Ana Railway Bridge on the lower Zambezi River which was constructed in 1934 by the Portuguese. It linked the Moatize coal fields and Nyasaland (now Malawi) with the port of Beira. At the time of construction, it was the longest railway bridge ( 2.3 miles) in Africa.

Nicaragua 1890 Scott 28 5p lake
"Locomotive and Telegraph Key"
A ten stamp set with this design was produced for Nicaragua by the infamous Nicholas Seebeck in 1890. All of the stamps in the set can be found unused even today at minimum catalogue value.

I'm not complaining though- a very nice design. ;-)

Nicaragua 1937 Scott 670 7 1/2c red orange "Train"
A 1937 six stamp issue for the 75th anniversary of the postal service in Nicaragua includes this train themed design.

Nicaragua 1932 Scott C68 20c blue green
"El Nacascola"
In Nicaragua, the opening of the Rivas Railroad between San Jorge to San Juan del Sur on December 18, 1932 was the reason for this five stamp lithographic issue on soft porous paper. These air post  stamps were printed in sheets of 4, without gum. The stamps are poorly rendered in my view.

Nicaragua 1932 Scott C72 15c purple
"Bridge at Santa Lucia"
Another 1932 air post five stamp lithographic issue for the opening of the  Leon-Sauce Railroad was done likewise. Only sold for one day. (But reprints were produced also.) These issues are clearly intended for collectors and their wallets.

Nicaragua Zelaya Province 1912 Scott 1L119 
35c brown & black "Locomative"
The Province of Zelaya is along the eastern Atlantic coast. The capital was Bluefields.

Special stamp issues were required, as Zelaya (and Cabo Gracias a Dios) used silver money, while the rest of Nicaragua used paper money.

The 1912 engraved fifteen stamp issue had this illustration.

Nigeria 1942 Scott 64 5sh orange & black "Niger at Jebba"
A railway bridge crossing the Niger river at Jebba is depicted on this 1942 Nigeria stamp.

Peru 1871 Scott 19 5c scarlet "Locomotive and Arms"
This embossed  1871 imperforate (known as the "Trencito") is considered one of the very first commemorative stamps produced. The occasion was the 20th anniversary of the completion of a railroad line between Lima and Callao, the first railroad  in South America.

Peru Scott 1936 C13 35c gray black 
"La Callao, First Locomotive in South America"
For the centennial of the founding of the Province of Callao, this single air post stamp was issued in 1936.

I couldn't find anything about the locomotive specifically, but no doubt it used the first railway in Peru, the Callao-Lima 8 mile long standard gauge railway, opened on May 17, 1851.

Contrary to the claim on the stamp, this was not the first railroad in South America: British Guiana had one in 1848.

Russia 1922 Scott B36 (20r + 5r) gray blue "Railroad Train"
This is a Russian 1922 semipostal imperforate that Scott states is inscribed " For the Hungry".  !!

Russia 1932 Scott E3 80k dull green  "Locomotive"
The 1932 three stamp special delivery issue has a "locomotive" on the 80k denomination. This issue is printed with photogravure.

El Salvador 1896 Scott 157D 3c yellow brown "Locomotive"
El Salvador also had Seebeck inspired issues between 1890-1899.  The 1896 twelve stamp issue, either found with a "Liberty cap" watermark, or unwatermarked, has a "locomotive' design for the 3c denomination. Very nice.

South West Africa 1937 Scott 110 1 1/2p violet brown, pair
"Mail Transport"
The rather lovely 1937 thirteen stamp pictorial issue for South West Africa has an image of an airplane, a ship, and, yes, a train under the subject of "mail transport".

Southern Rhodesia 1937 Scott 39 2p brown & green
"Queen Elizabeth, George VI"
For the coronation of George VI and Elizabeth, Southern Rhodesia issued a four stamp set. It depicts Victoria Falls with a train in the foreground!

Sweden 1936 Scott 258 40p olive green "Mail Train"
Another mail train is depicted on this 1936 engraved Swedish 40p stamp, part of a fifteen stamp issue in commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the Swedish Postal Service.

Turkey 1939 Scott 830 6k chestnut "Locomotive"
For Turkey, the completion of the railway link from Silvas to Erzurum of the Ankara-Erzurum Railroad was celebrated with a four stamp 1939 issue.

Uruguay 1899 Scott 114 5c greenish blue "Locomotive"
Finally, the 1895-99 22 stamp engraved issue has a "locomotive" design for the 5c denomination.

This particular Scott number-114- is described as "greenish blue" in color. I note the old 1947 catalogue also listed a 114a "blue" variation, and the stamp illustrated here might fit that color description better.

Nicaragua Zelaya Province 1932 Issue
Out of the Blue
I hope this brief foray into "trains" and "railways" for the classical era has given birth to your own ideas about the possibilities of thematic collecting.

Note and acknowledgements:
For information on U.S. train stamps, I used the Trains on U.S. Stamps website.

Although I found most of the stamp images by leafing through the Scott Classic 1840-1940 catalogue, other ones were "discovered" by reading the "Trains on Stamps" thread on Stamp Community Family Forum.

The Stanley Gibbons "Collect Railways on Stamps" catalogue scan pic is courtesy of Rodney Allen. Thanks Rod!

Other Pics and maps illustrated on this blog post appear to be in the public domain.

Have a comment?

Wednesday, June 3, 2015

Russia

1866 Scott 20 3k black & deep green "Coat of Arms"
Russian Empire
Quick History
The Russian Empire, an absolute monarchy from 1721 to 1905, and then a constitutional monarchy until the February and October revolutions of 1917, was ruled by the Tsars. The heavily rural and economic backward lands were still worked by serfs until they were liberated in 1861. The Industrial Revolution came late to Russia, compared to Western Europe, and the stunning defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) was a severe blow to the Tsarist government.

Russian Empire 1914
Tsar Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland, and ruled absolutely from 1894 to 1905, and then constitutionally until his abdication in March, 1917.

Tsar Nicholas II
Nicholas II, who actually was of primary German decent, was related by blood to much of European royalty: King Christian IX of Denmark (Grandparent), King Frederick VII of Denmark, George I of Greece, Queen Alexandra ( consort of King Edward VII), Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, King George V, King Haakon VII and Queen Maud of Norway, King Constantine I of Greece, and King Frederick William III of Prussia. 

But ill winds were blowing, primarily of the Bolshevik kind, and all the relationship royalty could not save him and his wife, his son, his four daughters, the family's medical doctor, the footman, the maidservant, and the family's cook, who were all executed on the night of July 16/17, 1918.

Russia (yellow) -Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic- within the U.S.S.R.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was a sovereign state from 1917-22, then the leading member of the Soviet Union (USSR) until 1991. The USSR was a Marxist-Leninist single party state lead initially by Vladimir Lenin and  the Communist Party, with Moscow as the capital.

The capital had been St. Petersburg between 1730-1917, and the population of Russia was 181,000,000 in 1916.

Between 1917-22, there was a civil war between pro-revolution Reds and the counter-revolution Whites. The Reds were victorious, and the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian Republics.

The USSR also included Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, who had issued their own stamps.

After Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin ruled with a totalitarian iron fist until his death in 1953.

The history of Russia could be expanded to the size of a Tolstoy novel. The classical collector may want to become more familiar with it, especially the revolutionary 1917-22 era.

1913 Scott 100 70k yellow green & brown
"Michael Feodorovich"
Into the Deep Blue
The 2011 Scott Classic Specialized 1840-1940 catalogue has, for Russia 1857-1943, 1415 major descriptive numbers. Of those, 661 are CV <$1-$1+, or 46.7%. Of interest, commemoratives of the 1930s and air post issues generally have a higher CV.

Russia, like the U.S. or China, is a world to itself, and one could spend a lifetime studying the philatelic output. I should have 3-4 blog posts devoted to the stamps of Russia, but I will reluctantly have only one. So with the WW classical collector in mind, I will mostly focus on the trickier earlier Russian Empire issues.

For the last part, we will look at some forgeries of the 1919 Army of the North issues.

A closer look at the stamps and issues
100 Kopecks = 1 Ruble
1865 Scott 12 1k black & yellow "Coat of Arms"
Wove Paper
In order for the classical collector to successfully categorize the earlier typographic stamps of the Russian Empire, awareness of several things are necessary.

* Paper (Whether wove, horizontally laid, or vertically laid.)
* The Posthorn motif and the absence or presence of "Thunderbolts".
* Watermarks- or lack thereof.

The first stamps of the Empire all show the "Coat of Arms" design (1857-1912), and naturally have Cyrillic script, which is somewhat difficult for collectors from Roman script countries to interpret.

Therefore, attention to detail is advised. ;-)

The 1865 six stamp issue- shown above- is of wove paper and is unwatermarked.

No Thunderbolts across Post Horns
In addition, the earlier issues (1857-1888) show no thunderbolts across the Post Horns. This is very useful to separate out the earlier from the later (1889-1912) issues.

1866 Scott 19 1k black & yellow "Coat of Arms"
Horizontally Laid Paper, Wmk 168
Looks like the same stamp as the preceding one, doesn't it?

The 1866-70 six stamp issue is characterized by the horizontally laid paper, and to a lesser extent, by the wmk 168.

Horizontally Laid Paper
Wmk 168- Wavy Lines noted
The horizontally laid paper for the Russian issues will show horizontal parallel dark lines on the back of the stamp- often quite obvious, and watermarking fluid is usually not needed.

There is also a watermark- here a wavy line is seen above the pencil mark.

Wmk 168 "Cyrillic EZGB & Wavy Lines"
The watermark is wmk 168 "Cyrillic EZGB & wavy Lines". Here the wmk is brought out by using watermark fluid.

The watermark is present in the issues produced from 1866-1906. It is usually not critical that the wmk be found for these issues for identification purposes.

1875 Scott 30 20k blue & orange
Horizontally Laid Paper
Between 1875-82, another issue of five stamps was produced using horizontally laid paper. Note the lack of thunderbolts across the post horns.

Horizontally Laid Paper
Flipping the 20k blue & orange stamp over, note the easily determined horizontally laid paper.

1883 Scott 34 5k red violet
"Imperial Eagle and Post Horns"
Horizontally Laid Paper
A new issue of eight stamps using two newer designs was released between 1883-88.

One significant change was, prior to 1882, the 1k, 2k, 3k, & 5k had small numerals in the background (look at the 1k & 3k examples shown earlier for this post), while this issue for these denominations have a background of network, like the higher denominations.

Note the issue has horizontally laid paper, and no thunderbolts across the post horns.

1889 Scott 41 4k rose & Scott 42 10k dark blue
"Imperial Eagle and Post Horns with Thunderbolts"
Horizontally Laid Paper
In 1889, a new five stamp issue was produced- with thunderbolts across the post horns.

With Thunderbolts across Posthorns
Here it is- easy, No? The 1889-1812 issues all show the thunderbolts across the post horn motif.

1889 Scott 47 2k green 
With Thunderbolts across Posthorns
Horizontally Laid Paper
Between 1889-92, a nine stamp issue with thunderbolts across the post horns and horizontally laid paper was produced. The definitive factor here is the horizontally laid paper.

1902 Scott 56 2k yellow green
Vertically Laid Paper
In 1902-06, a thirteen stamp issue was released, but on vertically laid paper.

An important way to tell the difference with the preceding 1889-92 issue is... the vertically laid paper!

This also marks the end of the use of the wmk 168 "Cyrillic EZGB & wavy Lines".

1909-12 Scott 80 14k dark blue & carmine
Vertical Lozenges of Varnish on Face
Wove paper, Unwatermarked
Then, a 1909-12 fifteen stamps issue was produced with two new designs included. But eight stamps used preceding designs, one of which is illustrated here. How to tell the difference?

This issue is on wove paper, and is unwatermarked!

Also, the stamp is shiny, as vertical lozenges of varnish were used on the face.

Finally, a 1917 seventeen stamp issue was produced by the provisional government during the civil war using types of the 1889-1912 issues. These stamps have wove paper, and are imperforate.

Russia 1909-12 Scott 79 10k dark blue
Finland 1911 Scott 80 20p deep blue
Be aware that there are many similarities between Russian and Finnish stamps of the era. The Finnish stamps have "dot in circle" devices, or are inscribed "Markka", Markkaa", "Pen", or "Pennia".

Finland 1911 Scott 80 20p deep blue
Actually, the Finnish 1911 20p deep blue from the preceding scan is not a great print example. Here is a better one.

For more on the differences between Russian and Finnish stamps of the era, see my Finland 1856-1917 blog post.

1913 Scott 92 7k brown "Nicholas II"
A nice 17 stamp typographic issue with all different designs was released in 1913. The issue features the tsars back to Peter I. The ill-fated and last Tsar Nicholas II is shown here on the 7k brown.

1915 Scott 107 20k olive green ""Alexander I"
Thin Cardboard, without Gum
Between 1915-1917, some of the stamp images from the 1913 issue were put on thin cardboard, and used as paper money! They are listed in  the stamp catalogues, because they were sometimes used for postal purposes.

The October, 1915 three stamp"money" issue has "Arms" and a five line inscription on back which reads "Having circulation on par with silver subsidiary coins"

1917 Scott 113 2 on 2k yellow green "Alexander II"
Types of 1913 issue
Thin Cardboard, without Gum
The 1916-17 five stamp "money" issue is found with and without surcharge.

The back has "Arms", value, and a four line inscription.

1917 Scott 141 3k rose red "Alexander III"
Thin Cardboard, without Gum
The 1917 three stamp "money" issue also is found with and without surcharge.

The back has value, and a four line inscription below a horizontal bar.

1923 Scott 253 4k deep rose ""Worker", Lithographed
1924-25 Scott 279 4k deep rose, Typographed
Moving ahead to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics era, there are several issues that have similar stamps printed lithographically or through typography, and can be confusing for the collector.

Specifically, the 1923 10 stamp imperforate and the 1924 4 stamp perforate issues were printed with lithography. Then the 1924-25 4 stamp imperforate and the 1924-25 18 stamp perforate issues were printed using typography.

But there are small differences between the issues, which can be used for identification purposes.

1923 Scott 253 Litho+ 1924-25 Scott 270 Typo- Right Ear
Note, for the A58 "worker" design, the two white lines forming the outline of the ear are continued across the face with the lithographic stamp.

1923 Scott 256 10k dark blue "Soldier", Lithographed
1924-25 Scott 275 10k dark blue, Typographed
The A59 "soldier" design is likewise found lithographed and typographed.

The typographed stamp has a white spot between the cap and the visor.

1923 Scott 256 Litho & 1924-25 Scott 275 Typo- Right Shoulder
And the white line on top of the right shoulder touches the frame on the left for the lithographic specimen, but not for the typographic example.

1924-25 Scott 282 7k chocolate "Soldier"; Perf 14 1/2 X 15, Unwmk
1925-27 Scott 310 7k chocolate; Perf  12, Wmk 170
The typographic issue comes in several flavors, based on perforation and watermark.

The 1924-25 issue is unwatermarked, and has perf 14 1/2 X 15 for major numbers, and perforation 12 for minor numbers. Then there was a 19 stamp issue in 1925-27 which has perf 12, and is watermarked 170 "Greek Border and Rosettes".

Wmk 170 "Greek Border and Rosettes"
Here is a look at the "Greek Border and Rosettes" watermark, which usually is quite obvious.

Russia Army of the North "Coat of Arms", Imperforate Issue
1919 Scott 1 5k violet brown : Genuine vs Forgery
The Army of the North stamps have OKCA inscriptions, which means "Special Corps, Army of the North".

There are plenty of forgeries in collections, and Varro Tyler (Focus on Forgeries-2000) has five pages devoted to this issue.

Note for the 5k violet brown...
Genuine: Double (clear) circles around the "5" numerals.
Forgery: Solid thick circles around the "5" numerals.

1919 map by Petrograd (St. Petersburg)
Note "Army of the North" and N.W. Army
The "Army of the North" was a white army (as was the N.W. Army which it later merged with), and fought in the St. Petersburg area under the command of General Aleksandr Rodzianko. Both armies were mainly composed of Estonians.

The campaign was unsuccessful, but five stamps were issued from September-December, 1919,

Russia Army of the North
1919 Scott 3 15k yellow: Genuine vs Forgery
The 15k yellow...
Genuine: The lower part of "C" and "A" are touching; The octagon around OKCA is wide and short.
Forgery: The lower part of "C" and "A" do not touch; The octagon around OKCA is symmetrical.

Russia Army of the North
1919 Scott 5 50k green: Genuine vs Forgery
The 50k stamp exists only on pelure paper.

50k green...
Genuine: The small ornaments midway along the inner framelines on each side are circular with a dot in the center; there are small open circles on either side of OKCA.
Forgery: The small ornaments midway along the inner framelines on each side are solid circles; there are small solid circles on either side of OKCA.

Deep Blue
1902-05 Issue in Deep Blue
Deep Blue (Steiner) has 106 pages for Russia, and has spaces for essentially all of the Scott major numbers. The Scott Classic 1840-1940 catalogue includes the 1918-22 Postal-Fiscal stamps (25 stamps), but they are not included in the Steiner. I elected not to include this category in my catalogue count.

1918 Scott 149 35k blue "Severing the Bond"
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
Big Blue
Big Blue '69, on 25 pages, has 617 spaces for regular, semi-postal, postage due, special delivery, air post, Army of the North, offices in China, and offices in the Turkish Empire categories.

Coverage is 43.6%.

There are 31 stamps with CV $10-$30+ required, but none cross the "Most Expensive" category ($35).

Of the 31 spaces, 28 are either 1930s era commemoratives or air post stamps.

Checklist: There are choices to be made in BB for spaces between horizontal laid/vertical laid/woven paper, perf /imperf, and Litho/Typo printings. See the comments section or the Scott catalogue for details.

Checklist

1865-71 (Actually to 1875)
12 or 19, 26, 13 or 20, 14 or 22, 15 or 23,

1875-79
27,28,29,30,

1883
31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,

1889-1905* (Actually to 1909)
46 or 55,47 or 56,48 or 57,41 or 57C,49 or 58,50 or 59,42 or 60,
51 or 61 or 80,62 or 81,43 or 63 or 82,64 or 83,65 or 84,44 or 66 or 85,67 or 86,
45 or 68 or 87,53 or 69,54 or 70,71,72,

Next Page

1909-12
73,74,75,76,77,78,79,

1913
88,89,90,91,92,93,
94,95,96,97,98,99,

1916
110,111,

1917
117,118,

1918
149,150,

1917-18 (Imperf)
119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,
127,128,129,130,131,132,133,

Next Page

1917-19
134,135,112,113,139,140,

1919* (Army of the North)
1,2,3,4,5,

1921
177,178,

1921*
179,181,182,183,184,185,
186,187,188,189,190,

1922
206, (203),211,212,213,

1922-23*
230 or 234,231 or 235,232 or 236,233 or 237,

1923 
238,239,240,(241),

Next Page

1923* (-1927)
250 or 276 or 304,251 or 277 or 305,252 or 273 or 278 or 306,253 or 261 or 274 or 279 or 307,
254 or 280 or 308,255 or 281 or 309,256 or 262 or 275 or 285 or 313, 257 or 288 or 317,
242,243,245,244,

1924*
265 or 269,266 or 270,267 or 271,268 or 272,

1925*
294 or 298,295 or 299,

1925*
326,327,328,329,
330 or 333,331 or 334,332 or 335,336 or 339,338 or 341,337 or 340,

1927
376,377,379,380,

Next Page

1927
375,378,373 or 374,

1926
342,347,348,

1927-28
382,383,385,386,388,389,391,

1927-28
393,395,396,

1929
411,412,

1928
402,403,404,405,

1929-31*
413 or 456,414 or 457,
415 or 458,416 or 459,417 or 460,418,419 or 462,420,422,
423,424,425,426,

Next Page

1929-30
427,428,429,430,

1932
470,

1930
431,432,433,434,
435,436 or 469,438 or 452,439 or 453,440 or 454,

1932-33
472,473,474,475,476,
480,481,482,485,
514,515,516,477,

Next Page

1933
489,491,492,495,490,
493,494,499,496,497,
498,507,508,509,
500,501,502,
504,505,506,
503,518,519,520,521,

Next Page

1933
522,523,

1934
524,525,

1934
526,527,528,529,
530,531,532,536,539,
537,538,544,545,
540,541,542,543,551,552,
553,554,

Next Page

1934
546,547,548,549,550,
559,560,
561,
562,563,

Next Page

1935
564,565,
566,
567,568,
569,570,571,572,

Next Page

1935
573,574,575,576,577,578,
579,580,581,582,

1936-37
583,584,585,586,
587,588,589,

1937
590,591,592,593,594,595,

Next Page

1937-38
597,598,599,
600,601,602,
603,604,
606,607,608,609,610,612,
625,626,627,628,611,613,
629,630,631,632,633,

Next Page

1938
634,640,641,642,635,
636,637,638,639,
659,661,662,663,
664,660,665,
643,645,646,644,

Next Page

1938
647,648,649,650,651,652,
653,654,655,656,657,
658,678,679,
683,680,681,682,686,
684,685,687,688,689,
690,691,692,

Next Page

1938-39
666,667,668,
669,671,673,675,
670,672,674,
676,677,693,694,
695,697,696,714,715,

Next Page

1938-39
698,699,700,701,702,703,
704,705,706,707,
708,709,710,
711,712,724,728,
725,726,727,

Next Page

1939-40
729,730,731,732,733,
718,719,720,721,722,723,
745,746,747,748,757,758,
759,760,761,762,763,764,
765,766,734,735,713,736,738,

Next Page

1939-40
749,750,751,752,
753,754,755,756,
767,768,769,770,
771,772,773,774,
775,776,777,778,
779,789,790,791,792,793,

Next Page

1940
780,781,782,783,
794,795,796,797,
798,799,800,801,802,
803,804,805,806,807,
808,809,810,784,786,

Next Page

1940
785,787,788,
811,812,813,816,
814,815,

Next Page

Semi-Postal
1914
B5 or B9,B6 or B10,B7 or B11,B8 or B12,
B14,B15,

1922
B34,B35,B36,B37,

1926-27
B48 or B50,B49 or B51,

1928
B54 or B55,B56 or B57,

Postage Due*
J11 or J18,J12 or J19,J13 or J20,J14 or J21,J15 or J22,J16 or J23,

Next Page

Special Delivery
1922
E1,E2,E3,

Air Post
1931
C2,C4 or C7,C8,C5 or C9,

1927
C10,C11,

1930
C12,C13,

1931
C15 or C20,C16 or C21 or C25,C17 or C22,C18 or C23,

Next Page

Air Post
1931
C26 or C30,C27 or C31,(C28),

1933-34
C40 or C45,C41 or C46,C42 or C47,C43 or C48,
C44 or C49,C50,C51,C52,
C37,C38,C39,C56,
C53,C54,C55,

Next Page

Air Post
1934-35
C57,C58,C59,
C60,C61,C62,C63,
C69,C70,C71,
C72,C73,
C74,C75,

Next Page

Offices in China
1899
1,2,3,4,5,6,

1904-08
9,

1910-16*
24 or 25,26 or 27,28 or 29,30 or 31,32,33,34 or 35,36,
50,51,52,53,54,55,56,(57),

Offices in the Turkish Empire
1868-72*
8 or 12,10 or 14,11 or 15b,

1884
23,24,25,26,

1900-03
27 or 28,29 or 31,32,30 or 33,

1909
40,41,42,43,

1910
200,201,202,203,204,

1912
208,209,210,

1913

213,214,215,216,217,218,

Comments
A) Expensive stamps ($10 threshold):
1875 Scott 30 20k blue & orange ($10+)
1906 Scott 72 10r carmine rose, yellow, and gray ($10+)
1933 Scott 477 30k dark gray ($30+)
1933 Scott 523 40k carmine ($10)
1934 Scott 525 10k slate blue ($10)
1934 Scott 531 10k ultramarine ($10+)
1934 Scott 532 15k red ($20+)
1934 Scott 545 30k brown orange & carmine ($10+)
1935 Scott 553 15k rose carmine ($30)
1935 Scott 554 20k emerald ($10+)
1934 Scott 548 15k green ($10+)
1934 Scott 550 35k carmine ($20+)
1935 Scott 565 15k black & black brown ($10+)
1935 Scott 567 35k ultramarine & black brown ($10)
1935 Scott 572 35k black brown ($10+)
1935 Scott 582 40k black brown ($10)
1938 Scott 697 80k deep blue ($10)
1932 Special Delivery Scott E3 80k dull green ($10+)
1927 Scott C10 10k dark blue & yellow brown ($10)
1927 Scott C11 15k deep red & olive green ($10+)
1930 Scott C12 40k dark blue ($10+)
1930 Scott C13 80k carmine ($10+)
1931 Scott C26 30k dark violet ($20)
1931 Scott C27 35k dark green ($20)
1931 (Scott C28) 1r gray black ($20+)
1933 Scott C37 5k ultramarine ($10)
1933 Scott C38 10k carmine ($10)
1933 Scott C39 20k violet ($10)
1934 Scott C56 20k black ($10+)
1934 Scott C55 15k brown ($10)
1934 Scott C57 30k ultramarine ($10+)
B) *1899-1905- choices are horizontal vs vertical laid paper vs (a few cases) wove paper. In some instances, I admit somewhat different colors than what is specified in BB because they still fall under the date criteria.
C) *1919 (Army of the North) category is in the middle of the regular section. There are plenty of counterfeits.
D) *1921- Scott 180 20r blue (>$1) is not given a space.
E) *1922-23 - Imperf vs Perf choices
F) *1923 - choices are Litho vs Typo (Perf 14 1/2 X 15) (Unwmk) vs Typo (Perf 12) (Wmk 170)
G) *1924 Imperf vs perf choices
H) *1925 stamps have some Imperf vs Perf choices.
I) *1929-31- Choices are Perf vs Imperf: all are wmk 70 except for Scott 420. Note the 1937-52 Types (Unwmk) are not given a space.
J) *Postage Due- choices are unwatermarked vs wmk 170.
K) Offices in China *1910-16- choices are blue or black overprint
L) Offices in the Turkish Empire *1868-72- choices are perf 11 1/2 vs perf 14 1/2 X 15.
M) (   ) around a number indicates a blank space choice.

1927 Scott 393 18k olive green "Lenin"
Out of the Blue
I hope you enjoyed this introduction to the classical era stamps of Russia. There is, of course, much more that could be said and learned about the philatelic output.

Note: The Russian Empire and USSR maps, and pic of Tsar Nicholas II, appear to be in the public domain. The "Army of the North" map is courtesy of Bee See (Brian) of Stamp Community Forum fame, and is used with his permission. Thanks Brian!

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