Fiume

1919 Scott 33 25c dark blue "Revolution"

Fiume's first non overprinted stamp issue

Quick History

The allied troop occupation of Fiume (November,1918), the takeover by the poet Gabriele d'Annunzio and his legionnaires (1919), and the creation of The Free State of Fiume (1920-24), gave philatelists a stamp issuing entity that, during six years, issued 262 stamps!  Fiume, on the Adriatic Sea, consisted mostly of the city of Fiume.  The city became known as Rijeka after WWII, and today is in Croatia.

Who was in charge during those six years is complicated.  But the reality is the "Free State of Fiume" was recognized internationally in 1920, and lasted until Fiume was annexed by Italy in 1924.

Fiume was  for 140 years nominally part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The city was important, as Fiume was Hungary's only international seaport. And Fiume had a relationship with Hungary where it actually existed as an autonomous entity within the Kingdom.

The city consisted of Croats, Italians and Hungarians during the 19th century. German was also an official language. The population was 45,000 in 1924.

After WWI and the defeat of Austria-Hungary, Fiume was disputed between the Kingdom of Serbs,Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), and the Kingdom of Italy. With the situation in flux, the ultra-nationalist  Italian Poet Gabriele d'Annunzio led the seizure of the city with 2,000 Italian nationalist irregulars on September 12, 1919.

D'Annunzio and his followers wanted Italy to annex Fiume, but Italy refused. In fact, Italy demanded that the interlopers surrender. Subsequently, the Treaty of Rapallo was signed November 12,1920 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs,Croats and Slovenes, which, among other things, set up the Free State of Fiume. This ended the military occupation of d'Annunzio and his troops.

Control of the Free State of Fiume passed internally from group to group. Then Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs,Croats and Slovenes signed the Treaty of Rome on January 27,1923, which  annexed Fiume to Italy, while  nearby Susak was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs,Croats and Slovenes. This formally took place on March 16, 1924, with Italian stamps used after March 31,1924.

Subsequently, Fiume again was in play after the defeat of Italy in WWII. With the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947, Fiume (now called Rijeka) became part of Yugoslovia. Today Rijeka is part of Croatia.

1918 Scott 3 2f brown orange

Hungarian stamps of 1916-18 overprinted

Note: This OP is a Fake

Into the Deep Blue

Affordable collectability

The 2011 Scott Classic Specialized catalogue has, from 1918-1924, 262 major stamp descriptions ( 199 regular, 16 semi-postal, 17 special delivery, 26 postage due, and 4 newspaper stamps).

1918-1924: 262 stamps: <$5 - 120 stamps; of those 2 are <$1.

Total "inexpensive" stamps: 120

Affordability Index = 46%.

Of note is, although there are 120 stamps valued <$5, only two of them are <$1! The "minimum" is really $1.75, no 20 cent stamps here. ;-)

The second concern is "most" stamps of Fiume have been expertly counterfeited. If one is buying a higher priced Fiume stamp, one should have it authenticated.

A closer look at the stamps and issues

1918 Scott 16 1k red brown & claret

Hungarian 1916-18 stamps overprinted

Fiume's first stamp issue

Fiume's first issue was a 20 stamp series that overprinted 1916-18 Hungarian stamps. The basic designs are shown in the two above images. The overprint is found both typographed and handstamped.  Scott notes "the overprints have been extensively forged". For the collector, one has to assume one has a forged stamp until "authenticated" otherwise. Cold reality.

1919 Scott 27 Fiume 2c dull blue "Italy"

1919 Scott 47 Posta Fiume 10c rose "Italian Flag on Clock-Tower in Fiume"

1919-20 Scott 60 10c on 45c orange "Revolution" Handstamp Surcharged 

The 2c dull blue is part of the April,1919 17 stamp issue. This was produced in 3 types of paper, which Scott acknowledges with minor numbers. 

In July, an eight stamp issue was redesigned with a "Posta Fiume" inscription.

Then in later 1919, the higher values were given a lower handstamped surcharge.

 1919 60c claret "Sailor raising Italian flag at Fuime"

This design is part of the first non-overprinted April,1919 issue. All the designs are highly allegorical and nationalistic.

The rise and fall of Gabriele d'Annunzio

September 12, 1920 1 lira black (Note: a forgery)

February 2,1921 10c carmine "Governo Provvisorio"

The September 12,1920 fourteen stamp issue, all with a head bust of d'Annunzio, was issued by the Fiume government to honor the one year anniversary of the nationalistic poet and his legionnaires occupying Fiume.

The February 2, 1921 fourteen stamp issue was issued by the new provisional government (overprinted), after d'Annunzio and his followers were removed by Italian troops.

1919-20  60c on 60c rose "Venetian Galley"1919 semi-postal surcharged

1922 1 lira on 1cor dark slate overprinted

The 12 stamp original 1919 semi-postal issue (not illustrated) was to aid Fiume students in Italy. A 13 stamp issue was then surcharged  "Valore globale" for use as regular stamps. With the new provisional government, a 12 stamp issue (not illustrated) for the first constituent assembly of April, 1921 was overprinted "Costituente Fiumana". Finally, the issue was again overprinted with a "1922" added (illustrated) for the 1922 second constituent assembly.

1923 5c blue green "Venetian ship"

1924 20c orange red "roman arch"  overprinted "Regno d'Italia"

1924 60c red "St Vitus" overprinted " Annessione  Allitalia"

A 1923 twelve stamp issue featured "Venetian ship", "Roman arch", "St. Vitus", and "Rostral column" designs. When the Treaty of Rome gave Fiume to Italy, the stamps were twice overprinted in 1924 as above.

1921 postage due 5c on on 25c blue "Dr. Antonio Grossich"

1919 semi-postal with overprint "Valore Globale" surcharged

One has to admit, this is an interesting stamp for a postage due!

1920 newspaper stamp 1c gray green "Steamer"

Not many newspaper stamps are this attractive!

Deep Blue
All of the major numbers in the Scott catalogue have a space in Deep Blue. However, Deep Blue does not give space for 68 bold minor numbers ( as opposed to italic minor numbers, which are more minor ;-) ). The handstamped overprints are given minor numbers, while the typographed overprints have major numbers. Some paper types are given minor numbers. Some overprint width types are given minor numbers.
The solution, if one would like to, as an example, differentiate paper types, is simply print another page of the issue for use in the album. ;-)

1920 2c on 25c indigo with red surcharged

Hands holding Daggers

Big Blue

Big Blue '69, on three pages, has 70 stamp spaces. Coverage is 27%. Big Blue begins with the April,1919 issue (Scott 27-43). The Scott 32 20c green "Italian Flag on Clock-Tower in Fiume" stamp @ $95 mint is given a space.

Simple Checklist

1919

27,28,29,30,31,32,

33,35,36,

(1919)

46,47,50,

48,51,52,

1919-20

58,59,61,60,62,

73,74,75,76,

78,79,80,

Next Page

1920

86,87,88,89,90,91,

1921

134,135,136,137,138,139,

1923

172,173,174,175,176,177,

1923

178,179,180,

1924

184,185,186,

187,188,189,190,191,192,

Next Page

Special Delivery

1920

E2,E3,

1923

E12

Postage Due

1919

J13,J14,

1921

J15,J16,J17,J18,

Semi-Postal

1919

B4,B16

Newspaper stamps

1919

P2,P4,

Comments

A) Expensive stamps (Threshold $10):

1919

Scott 32 20c green “Italian Clock Tower in Fiume” $95 mint!

Special Delivery

1920

Scott E2 30c slate blue >$20

Scott E3 50c rose >$20

Semi-Postal

1919

Scott B4 5c + 5c blue green >$20

B) Big Blue leaves many Fiume stamps out of the album, often @ $1+.

1920 Scott E3 Special  Delivery  50c rose 

Out of the Blue
Very interesting philatelic and "real" history. No doubt, many of these stamps were for "propaganda" purposes as one would expect in this revolutionary environment. Perhaps selling all these issues to stamp collectors helped too. ;-)


Note: Map appears to be in the public domain.

Links
Fiume - Bud's Big Blue

Comments appreciated!

The Free State of Fiume